Why do children generally forget all their memories from before the age of three or four? (preview)

I didn't forget,not ALL, so I don't know. The memories I have were significant in various ways. I remember my father returning from overseas vividly, I was less that 3, they say but I know I could walk then, because all my older siblings ran inside behind him and left me to follow. I remember the taxi he came in, (something like a small station wagon with wood strips at the sides,) exactly where it stopped, and my older sisters excitement, (because I was puzzled by it.)
I have no memory of my father before that, although I'm told he'd only been gone for 2 weeks, (a teacher's organization sports tour.) I recall the color of the suit he was wearing, (pearl gray,) and that he did something I'd never seen anyone do before. He perched on the edge of the dining room table and put one foot on the floor, one on a chair, and he talked about someone who had been hit on the temple by a cricket ball. I didn't know where the temple was, but my sisters showed me.

Other significant life episodes remain vividly in my memory. The earliest of these was being in a blue cradle when someone, an aunt or godmother came in, and looked at me, which made me feel great for a while, like one of the crowd, and then they all turned their backs on me and walked out of the room, leaving me imprisoned there. That was so hard, not being able to join in. My family say that this memory is impossible, but I can remember it vividly, however brief.

I say all this to indicate that we remember things that have meaning to us in some form or another.

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Libyans surrender weapons to military authorities

Hundreds of weapons held by former Libyan rebels who fought the security forces of the late Libyan strongman Muammar Gaddafi have been turned over to military authorities in response to a call by government in the wake of violent incidents in Bhengazi.
The earlier call by military authorities for civilians to surrender their arms after the fall of Gaddafi did not result in massive turnover until after the violent incident in Benghazi which killed the American ambassador and three of the US Embassy staff.


According to Army Col. Omran al-Warfali, hundreds came early for the turn over of their weapons to the authorities.


"Hundreds of citizens came since the early hours of this morning to handover their weapons from all segments of society, men and youth, women, and even children came to hand over bullets they found it in the streets," he told AP.


In the same AP report, "Moussa Omr, a former fighter who lives on the outskirts of Benghazi and who fought against Gadhafi, said it was time to turn over his weapon to the state."


"When I saw the announcement on television I came to Benghazi with my wife and son to hand over my weapon to the national army because I want to move from the stage of the revolution to state building," he said. "I trust the national army. They have been with us on the frontline and I know them one by one. I don't need this weapon after today, the militias have been expelled from Benghazi and the national army will protect us."


Libya's new government has been struggling to fight criminality as private armed groups continue to patrol the streets but often take the law into their own hands.


Estimates reveal there are at least 200,000 private citizens in Libya who are armed and government has been trying to entice them to surrender their weapons.


Members of the armed groups were offered jobs and money in exchange for their weapons but few have responded to the call by Libya's new leaders.


But recent developments have shown that armed groups have realized the pressing need for lasting peace in their communities.


Some armed group members have offered to join the military under the new regime after surrendering their weapons.


"Saad Bakar, head of a small brigade in Benghazi, handed over rifles and ammunition on Saturday, saying he was ready to disband his group," Reuters wrote.


"We were waiting until today to make sure that the weapons go to the right place," he said. "We want to join the army as individuals."


The organizers of the weapons collection initiative said the campaign will continue in key cities in order to further entice the armed groups to hand over their weapons, they plan to raffle off prizes to include cars at the end of weapons collection day.

Source: http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/333867

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Program could help CPS grads land city jobs

By Kate Thayer, Chicago Tribune reporter

September 30, 2012

Graduates of Chicago Public Schools could have an advantage landing interviews for jobs with the city, whether it be tree trimming or fighting fires.

Under a new initiative announced Saturday by Mayor Rahm Emanuel's office, the Department of Human Resources will make sure CPS graduates are at least 20 percent of the job applicants they refer to city department managers.

But the department managers must first specify that they want the CPS graduate preference applied to their pool of applicants, said city spokeswoman Caroline Weisser.

And the program does not guarantee the grads will get the job, Weisser said.

"But it provides them a leg up in that process," she said.

Emanuel's office touted the program as a way to discourage CPS students from dropping out of school. The CPS graduation rate has been on the rise in recent years, peaking last year at 60.6 percent.

"From cradle to career ? we are committed to helping our students succeed every step of the way," Emanuel said in a press release.

The program ? which applies to any city job ? is modeled after an initiative that applies to U.S. military veterans.

Like the veteran program, managers who supply a list of criteria to human resources when seeking job applicants would say whether they want the CPS grad preference program applied, Weisser said. They would then consider that detail along with such other factors as college degrees or special skills.

Weisser said the program applies to any CPS graduate, not just recent grads. It's unclear how many CPS graduates already hold city jobs, although Weisser said that figure will now be tracked.

CPS head Jean-Claude Brizard lauded the city initiative in a press release.

"We are encouraged by this step taken by the city to encourage our students to strive each day and work towards their diploma," Brizard said.

kthayer@tribune.com

Source: http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/ct-met-chicago-cps-hires-20120930,0,3202075.story?track=rss

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Russia to keep troops in Tajikistan in 2013

MOSCOW (AP) ? A top Russian general says Moscow will secure a deal to extend Russian military presence in the Central Asian nation of Tajikistan by the first half of 2013.

Central Asian nations are apprehensive at the prospect of the NATO coalition's withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2014 and have expressed fears that violence could spill over.

Russia's ground forces commander Vladimir Chirkin said Saturday that outstanding issues on the terms of the deal will continue to be discussed with Tajikistan until the end of March.

Some 7,000 Russian soldiers are posted across three garrisons in the former Soviet republic neighboring Afghanistan.

An agreement to extend the current lease, which expires in 2014, has been delayed amid reported disagreements about the financial terms.

?2012 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.

Source: http://www.ksn.com/news/world/story/Russia-to-keep-troops-in-Tajikistan-in-2013/xgcZ9VmmAU6rkVPFK85cVQ.cspx?rss=1990

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15 Ways to Recover from Continuous Failed Relationships ...

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We all experience failed relationships until we find that one special person, and while some of us only have to deal with the hardship of a breakup a few times, others have it much harder. If you?ve had bad relationship after bad relationship, or if a recent breakup has just been awful, here are 15 tips to help you recover and keep a positive outlook towards dating.

Give yourself time.

When a relationship ends, it?s likely that you?ll be sad, angry, upset, and confused. Always give yourself time to grieve and to adjust.

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'; } } if (google_ads[0].bidtype == "CPC") { /* insert this snippet for each ad call */ google_adnum = google_adnum + google_ads.length; } document.write(s); return; } google_ad_client = 'ca-pub-1940594850564020'; /* substitute your client_id (pub-#) */ google_ad_channel = '4715519412'; google_ad_output = 'js'; google_max_num_ads = '1'; google_ad_type = 'text'; //google_image_size = '728x90'; google_targeting = "content"; google_feedback = 'on'; google_skip = google_adnum; /* to skip for multiple units, insert this snippet for each ad call */ // -->

Source: http://madamenoire.com/218239/you-gotta-keep-it-movin-15-ways-to-recover-from-a-failed-relationship/

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Massachusetts chemist charged in crime lab scandal

CAMBRIDGE, Massachusetts (Reuters) - A former chemist accused of falsifying evidence at a Massachusetts state crime lab where she handled more than 60,000 drug samples was arrested on Friday and charged with obstructing justice and lying about her training.

Annie Dookhan, 34, was arrested by state police at her family's home in Franklin, Attorney General Martha Coakley's office said in a statement.

The scandal shook the very foundation of the Massachusetts criminal justice system - the integrity of evidence used to convict and imprison defendants - and authorities promised to create safeguards to prevent it from happening again.

"Her actions totally turned the system on its head," Coakley said at a news conference.

"People absolutely deserve a system they can trust," Coakley said. "Repairing trust is going to take time."

The governor ordered the lab closed in late August and last week established an office to oversee a review of criminal cases potentially affected by the "failures" there.

Dookhan was charged with two counts of obstruction of justice and a single count of pretending to hold a master's degree in chemistry from the University of Massachusetts. If convicted of the charges, she could face 20 years in prison.

Further charges against Dookhan were expected, Coakley said. She said the criminal activity and misconduct appear to be limited to the single rogue chemist who worked for nine years the Hinton State Laboratory Institute in Jamaica Plain.

The charges brought on Friday stem from Dookhan allegedly lying about the integrity of drug evidence she analyzed on two occasions, the statement said.

Apparently motivated by ambition, Dookhan juggled a case load that was two to three times what her co-workers were able to handle, Coakley said.

"She was very proud of that... we do not have evidence to date of any other kind of motive," Coakley said.

Last month, Dookhan told investigators she "screwed up big time" by intentionally contaminating samples, forging approvals and failing to follow procedures, according to a police report obtained by The Boston Globe. She resigned from the lab in March.

On Monday, officials began examining a first batch of about 1,100 cases of people who are already serving prison sentences based on potentially tainted evidence. A Massachusetts man recently was released from prison after being granted a new narcotics trial as a result of the crime lab investigation.

Dookhan, who was removed from the testing lab in June 2011, said no one else at the lab knew what she had done and that she had disobeyed orders even though she knew it was "wrong." Dookhan said she was simply trying to get more work done.

Asked why she had forged initials to signal approval of her work in a log book, she said, "There was no one available -- no one has the time -- I wanted to get the work done."

State police took over the lab in July and discovered Dookhan's mishandling of evidence was more widespread than previously thought. During her career at the lab, Dookhan handled more than 60,000 drug samples linked to 34,000 cases, the Department of Public Health said.

Department of Public Health Commissioner John Auerbach resigned in the wake of the scandal last week.

(Editing by Barbara Goldberg and Kenneth Barry)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/massachusetts-chemist-charged-crime-lab-scandal-194745835.html

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UK regulator outlines LIBOR overhaul

LONDON (AP) ? Britain's financial regulator on Friday laid out a 10-point plan to overhaul the handling of a key global interest rate that has been the subject of a scandal involving major banks across multiple countries.

Barclays bank agreed in June to pay a $453 million fine to U.S. and British agencies after admitting it had submitted false information for the London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, which is used to price trillions of dollars in financial contracts, including mortgages. Other firms are being probed in the scandal, which has undermined public trust in banks and damaged the reputations of British financial regulators.

The new plan proposes that bankers convicted of manipulating the rate face criminal penalties and that a new agency take over management of LIBOR. It also calls for tougher controls on banks involved in the rate's calculation.

"Although the current system is broken, it is not beyond repair," said Martin Wheatley, managing director of the Financial Services Authority, the main regulator, as he announced recommendations from the review of LIBOR ordered by the British government.

The FSA said Friday that the rate-fixing scandal was an industry-wide problem which tore "the very fabric that our financial system is built on".

The British Bankers' Association, a trade group, sets the LIBOR every morning after about a dozen international banks submit estimates of what it costs them to borrow. Regulators in the U.S., Britain, Switzerland and other countries allege some banks, including Barclays, purposefully submitted fake numbers to have the LIBOR set at a rate that better suited them.

Wheatley recommended that the handling of LIBOR be stripped from the British Bankers' Association, which "clearly failed" in administering the rate

He accused the BBA of being careless in policing LIBOR, putting too much trust in a system lacking "the right level of checks and balances." Wheatley said he is setting up an independent panel to lead the appointment process for a new group to run Libor, inviting other groups to apply to take over the role and that he wants the new managing body to draw up a code of conduct and carry out regular audits.

The BBA said the review was an "essential step" toward reforming Libor and signaled it would accept Wheatley's recommendation to hand oversight to a new administrator.

Wheatley also proposed that banks submitting rates be subject to formal approval. More banks should be encouraged to submit rates to make the LIBOR benchmark more representative, while the publication of individual submissions should be held back for three months to help prevent manipulation, he said.

He proposed that the FSA continue to be the main regulator.

Britain's Treasury expressed support for the "comprehensive and practical recommendations" laid out in the review, while Bank of England governor Mervyn King called for a swift implementation of the proposals.

So far, Barclays is the only bank which has been identified as submitting false reports of the rates it expected to pay to borrow from other banks, although several other banks ? including Citigroup Inc., Royal Bank of Scotland and JPMorgan Chase & Co. ? are known to be under investigation.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/uk-regulator-outlines-libor-overhaul-092055757--finance.html

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Catalysis: Optimizing water splitting

ScienceDaily (Sep. 28, 2012) ? Computer simulations of a metal-sulfide alloy unlock the secrets to designing solar-powered catalysts that generate hydrogen fuel from water.

Partnerships can pay off when it comes to converting solar into chemical energy. By modeling a cadmium sulfide (CdS)-zinc sulfide (ZnS) alloy with special computational techniques, a Singapore-based research team has identified the key photocatalytic properties that enable this chemical duo to 'split' water molecules into a fuel, hydrogen gas (H2). The theoretical study was published by Jianwei Zheng from the A*STAR Institute of High Performance Computing and his co-workers.

Chemists had already identified CdS and ZnS semiconductors as promising photocatalysts for water splitting. However, both came with a drawback related to the size of their so-called 'band gap' -- the energy difference between occupied and unoccupied electronic states that determine photo-activity. While CdS can readily harvest solar energy because of its small band gap, it needs a metal co-catalyst to produce H2. On the other hand, ZnS requires high-energy ultraviolet light to initiate water splitting owing to its large band gap.

Recently chemists had overcome these problems by alloying CdS and ZnS together into a 'solid solution': a physical state where Zn ions are distributed homogenously inside the crystal lattice of CdS. Altering the proportion of ZnS in these alloys enables production of photocatalysts with tunable responses to visible light and high H2 evolution rates in water. Improving the design of a Cd-ZnS solid solution is difficult, because its underlying mechanism is poorly understood.

As a workaround, Zheng and his co-workers used a technique known as 'special quasi-random structures' (SQS) to mimic a completely random alloy with a series of small, periodic models. After carefully working to correlate experimental random hexagonal crystals with their SQS approximations, they calculated the electronic properties of the Cd-ZnS solid solution using hybrid density functional theory -- a computational method that gives accurate descriptions of band gaps.

When the researchers gradually increased the Zn content of their model alloy, they saw that the band gap deviated from a linear combination of the two components. This effect, known as band 'bowing', arises from volume deformations within the Cd-ZnS solid solution and is an essential parameter for predicting catalytic solar H2 production.

Further calculations revealed that the alloy's high catalytic activity stemmed from obvious elevation of the position of unoccupied electronic states, and a subtle change in the position of occupied electronic states, as the amount of Zn increased. But to retain strong light harvesting capabilities and to avoid premature corrosion, the team proposes an equal ratio of ZnS to CdS for optimal photocatalytic water splitting.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR).

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Jian-Chun Wu, Jianwei Zheng, Chelsey L. Zacherl, Ping Wu, Zi-Kui Liu, Rong Xu. Hybrid Functionals Study of Band Bowing, Band Edges and Electronic Structures of Cd1?xZnxS Solid Solution. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2011; 115 (40): 19741 DOI: 10.1021/jp204799q

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/matter_energy/technology/~3/p4jAhFJMb6A/120928093315.htm

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Dozens of emaciated horses seized in Washington state

SEATTLE (Reuters) - Animal control officers in Washington state seized 39 emaciated and sickly horses on Wednesday from inhumane conditions in dark stalls filled with feces on a breeding farm outside of Tacoma, authorities said.

U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration agents discovered the malnourished animals, many injured and some standing in more than a foot of waste, while serving drug-related warrants on Tuesday at the 99-acre (40-hectare) property in Graham, Washington, Pierce County Animal Control supervisor Brian Boman told Reuters.

Animal control officers and sheriff's deputies from Pierce and Kitsap counties returned to the ranch a day later to seize the animals and found many were highly skittish because they had been "stall-bound" in three dark barns, Boman said.

"It was like a puppy mill, only with horses," Boman told Reuters. "The conditions are terrible. There's no telling how long it's been since they've seen daylight."

Authorities spent more than nine hours rounding up the horses, which included Arabians, Belgian Draft horses and Clydesdales, to take them to nearby fairgrounds for veterinary examinations. None were race horses.

Some likely would be euthanized, Boman said.

A Pierce County Sheriff's Office news release, describing the roundup as the largest horse seizure the county had ever undertaken, cited the horses' living conditions as deplorable.

"Most of the horses were in barns that had large amounts of urine and feces in the stalls," the release said. "Some of the barns had no lighting or ventilation and the smell of ammonia was very strong."

Because federal and county criminal investigations are ongoing, federal authorities would not immediately release the name of the farm's owner, said Emily Langlie, spokeswoman for the U.S. Attorney's Office in Seattle.

(Editing By Cynthia Johnston and Eric Beech)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/dozens-emaciated-horses-seized-washington-state-040522104.html

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Team Building | Friendships in the Office Space | SmartFem

Team Building is what every company wants to do or should do no matter what your budget is. Whether you have a team building event once a year, every quarter or monthly, the need to have your employees feeling good about what they do and who they work for is imperative.

Most team building activities are used to improve productivity, motivate or enhance creativity. From an employee standpoint it shows that the company cares. Escaping from the cubicle or desk is a breath of fresh air and helps to build friendship in the office space. Well, one of the best things to do is get creative! There have been plenty of articles and books written on team building activities.?When I was in the banking industry we used to have our internal HR department create these team activities and they were fun for the most part.

Of course things have changed. Outings are great, zip-lining, scavenger hunts ? the activities are endless. What is it that you are trying to achieve? Instead of the same old meeting or bar hangout, try something different where everyone can participate! Make sure no one is left out and always leave the office grounds.?When we have mental blocks, we need a creative outlet like painting. It is amazing that someone who has never painted before or has the stigma of ?making stick figures? can create a work of art. Laughter fills the room at the Me The Artist studio when you have managers and their employees roll up their sleeves and paint away. Laughter is a mechanism that releases endorphins, the brain?s ?feel good? chemicals.

So try your hand at painting for your next team building event and contact Me The Artist where there is plenty of laughter to be had.

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More On Ruby Farias

As one of eleven children born to a close knit Hispanic family, Ruby Farias began her life as an artist with her senses immersed in the loving whirlwind of her dynamic ?familia.??She was surrounded by creativity, whether it was crafting or cooking with her mother or listening to the songs and writings of her father."?It was in high school, moving from schools in the state of Washington to Merrillville, Indiana, that Ruby discovered her constantly uprooted heart could be touched by art. She began to seriously study drawing and poetry while working as a model in Chicago and her study and journals continue to shape her work.

She opened her first business, Ruby Heart Jewelry, upon encouragement from friends and artists, and she began to show her handcrafted beaded jewelry in a number of art shows throughout New England. It was during this period that Ruby traveled to Europe and visited a number of influential museums and galleries in London, Paris, Venice, Florence, Rome, Athens and Madrid.

Ruby?s professional career brought her to Phoenix in the mid 90s. She received her Bachelor of Science degree while working in the banking industry. Her greatest creation, a beautiful daughter was born, and Ruby opened Ruby Heart Mosaics to create mosaic tile designs for public and private commissions. Later, Ruby opened Ruby Farias Designs that encompasses her paintings, mixed media and jewelry designs.

Since 2001 Ruby has returned full-circle to her original love for drawing and painting, and she has turned her magical eye to the canvas, working primarily with acrylic-based paints. She has been able to focus on her passion and her work has been displayed throughout the Phoenix area.?Ruby founded Me The Artist, a painting activity for the non-artist and artist alike located at CityNorth in Phoenix, Arizona. Her passion as an artist and sharing her love of art with others is her thrill.

"When we allow ourselves, at any age, to put away all of those fears about creating a piece of art and having a great time doing it, nothing is more exciting and wonderful. Watching some ones beaming smile because of their accomplishment is the greatest feeling. We are all artists at heart and no one can tell me any different.?

Source: http://www.smartfem.com/expert-advice/team-building-friendships-in-the-office-space/

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Joint Pain Treatment and Natural Medicines for Arthritis

Pain is your body's organic defense against sickness and harm. It provides as the indication that something is wrong in the body. Pain associated with arthritis include severe pain from inflammation of the joint parts, serious pain from broken joint parts, and angry pain brought on by serious suffering from combined pain. Pain is caused by the constant malfunction of fibrous, the soft material that pillows the joint parts. Therapy lotions are absorbed by sportsmen, average women, and the seniors. While there are many causes and illnesses that can give rise to pain, the most typical are arthritis and workplace injuires. Joint pain from arthritis is often treated with the use of over the counter and prescriptions. With concerns rising in the healthcare industry recently about heart related illnesses risks of several prescriptions, many individuals are looking for a safe alternative to deal with pain. There are many pain reducing techniques which can be tried.

Cartilage

Cartilage is the support between cuboid in a combined and it provides support to other cells without being as hard or firm as cuboid. Cartilage is responsible for defending the joint parts and works as a absorber when pressure is placed on the combined during walking or running. Injury, profession, extra bodyweight, and genetic makeup are among the factors which cause the fibrous of a combined to wear away. Osteo arthritis occurs as the safety, cushiony fibrous protecting the cuboid would wear away, leading to cuboid massaging together. Rheumatoid Arthritis can cause to fibrous as well as cuboid harm.

Arthritis

Arthritis is one of the most frequent illnesses experiencing today's aging population.

It is a very agonizing and psychologically emptying sickness. Arthritis, also known as combined inflammation, is determined as an inflammation of one or more joint parts and includes the malfunction of fibrous producing experiencing pain, inflammation, and limited activity. Osteo arthritis is also known as degenerative arthritis because it is a way of arthritis that further loss the cartilages discovered in between the cuboid in places such as the legs, backbone, hands and feet. Osteo arthritis is proportional to age, however, one may also get this sickness through genetic makeup, being overweight where your joint parts will be over-worked from excessive bodyweight, other health issues such as diabetes, gouty arthritis and hormone instability. Arthritis is an inflamation related sickness that is agonizing, inflammation, rigidity, and loss of function in the joint parts. Arthritis is an auto-immune disorder that causes rigidity and pain in the joint parts and can cause to fibrous as well as cuboid harm. Hand problems is a typical indication of as well as.

Drugs and Treatment

One of the therapies that many doctors recommend to their sufferers is prescribed remedy. Even morphine, opiates, and psychotropic medication are prescribed as combined comfort medication. Because pain impacts us psychologically and psychologically as well as physically, it is important to try to discover methods and therapies that will bring comfort. Many types of pain are so chronic and persistent, individuals become concerned about the commonly recommended pain treatment (pain medications) because they do not like to put so much material into their bodies for extended time periods. No treatment either artificial or organic is 100% effective all enough time. Joint pain therapies vary from natural herbs to rub with much research support the successful conclusions.

One of the most typical forms of serious remedy is medication, such as medications (pain relievers) and non-steroidal anti-inflammation medication. However, one of the biggest issues that usually occurs with prescriptions is the short-term comfort. Many individuals seek medications and strong medicines in order to get rid of the agony sensation as soon as possible so they can get back to their normal life however; this medication can have serious adverse reactions such as, sleepiness, exhaustion, and change in appetite and sleep as well as swift changes in moods. Most medicines will not take away all of your discomfort and you will probably need some type of organic remedy for dealing with pain. Much medication that you will discover produced into pills can also be discovered in their organic type with less adverse reactions.

Source: http://pain.ezinemark.com/joint-pain-treatment-and-natural-medicines-for-arthritis-7d37cf7abbd7.html

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iPhone 5 review

The definitive guide to Apple's taller, thinner, faster, lighter, brighter iPhone 5

The iPhone 5 was, is, and remains inevitable. An iPhone, new to be certain, but still an iPhone. Some say this is a sign Apple has lost their drive for innovation. Others, a sign Apple has kept their sense of focus. Both are facets of a single truth -- that through craft something is revolutionized, refined, and one day, replaced. The question then becomes, where is the iPhone 5 along this continuum? Is it a boring, uninspired, end-of-line update that should have Apple desperately seeking to once again "think different", or is it iconically, deceptively, insanely great enough to delight customers, inspire developers, and once again drive the entire industry forward?

Previously on the iPhone...

A lot of the features found in the iPhone 5 can also be found in earlier generation iPhones. Rather than repeat any of it, here are our previous iPhone reviews:

• iPhone 4S review (October 2011)
• iPhone 4 Review (June 2010)
• iPhone 3GS review (June 2009)
• iPhone 3G review (June 2008)

iPhone 5: The technology

Gone is the sandwich of chemically treated glass and stainless steel of the iPhone 4S and iPhone 4. And in their place the iPhone 5 offers an aluminum unibody, accented by glassed, that houses not only a new, all-digital Lightning connector, fast LTE 4G networking, a monstrous Apple A6 processor, but for the first time, a taller, in-cell display.

iPhone 5: The design

The iPhone 5 doesn't offer a radically new shape, but the shape is about the only thing that's not radically new this year. Measuring 123.8 mm high, 58.6 mm wide, and 7.6 mm deep, the iPhone 5 rises higher than the iPhone 4S but no wider. It's also 18% thinner and 20% lighter. It's so light and thin that it almost feels fake, like a dummy phone at a carrier store. Almost. Apple claims it's both bigger and smaller, that there's both more and less of it. And that's absolutely true. In fact, it takes a moment -- an awkward, giddy moment -- to adjust to the sensory paradox. Because the overall volume of the iPhone 5 is 12% less than its predecessor, it feels like it's gone from a short, substantial slab to a long, lithe slice.

With a chassis carved from anodized 6000 series aluminum, hardened Gorilla Glass on the front, and inlays of ceramic or pigmented glass on the back, the iPhone 5 has been compared both favorably and ludicrously to precision, luxury time pieces. Hyperbole aside, the manufacturing process literally does have to be seen to be believed.

Hardware buttons on the iPhone 5 are laid out the same way they were on the iPhone 4S and iPhone 4. You have the On/Off (Sleep/Wake) button on the top, the ring/silent button on the left, and the volume up (camera shutter) and volume down buttons beneath it. While the iPhone 4 Home button was nowhere near resilient enough to stand up to long term usage, the iPhone 4S fixed that problem with a better support system. The iPhone 5 feels even better than the iPhone 4S. The Home button feels "clickier" but more solid than before.

The iPhone 5 still only comes in two colors, but this year those two colors are also two-toned. There's black and slate, and white and silver. The black is Darth Vader black, and can all but disappear on a dark surface in low light. The white is Storm Trooper white, its crystalline diamond-cut chamfers brighter and shinier than ever. While the blackout look of the anodized aluminum on the black and slate iPhone 5 is more singular, more monolithic, it will also show chips, scuffs, and scratches more readily than the naked aluminum of the white and silver model. Neither, however, are immune to that particular phenomena.

I exchanged my first iPhone 5 after noticing a chip in the bezel, but the new one has held up just fine under normal, careful use. Unfortunately, there's no adamantium/vibranium super metal in the real world. The iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S had glass backs that were susceptible to shattering with sufficient impact. The iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS had plastic backs that were susceptible to cracking along the edges. The iPods had and have stainless steel backs that have always been susceptible to scratching and scuffing with normal use. If maintaining a mint-condition iPhone 5 is a concern, look into getting a case or skin.

Back to the shape. Yes, the iPhone 5 is every bit the flat, rounded rectangle the iPhone 4S and iPhone 4 were before it. That's intentional. It might be boring or unimaginative to some, and that's a fair point. But Apple's not playing at dice. They're not spinning fashion. They're making an iPhone. Apple is making an iPhone that looks like an iPhone the way a Lamborghini looks like a Lamborghini, and a MacBook Pro looks like a MacBook Pro -- the way any product from any high end brand looks like and embodies that brand.

Apple conceived of this iPhone form back in 2005 and has been working inexorably towards it ever since. They're closer this year than any year past, achieving an unprecedented level of thinness and lightness, a screen that dominates the front as never before, and they've finally been able to return to aluminum for the back, albeit with glass still lingering at the top and bottom.

In that regard, the leap from the iPhone 4S to the iPhone 5 is no less significant, ambitious, or impressive than the leap from the original MacBook Pro to the unibody MacBook Pro in 2008. In both cases, it wasn't about making something that looked radically different but about making something that worked radically better. That's how it should be. That's what great design is all about. And if there's one thing Apple nails more consistently and constantly than any other company in modern memory, it's great design.

The real question is, once Apple fully realizes this vision of the iPhone, once they've gotten as close to perfecting it as technology allows, what will they do next?

iPhone 5: The 16:9 display

The 4-inch, 16:9 aspect ratio, 1136x640 resolution, 326ppi in-cell display is the iPhone 5's most obvious, most visually impressive new feature. Up until now, every iPhone has had a 3:2 aspect ratio display. The original iPhone, iPhone 3G, and iPhone 3GS all had 3.5-inch, 480x320 resolution, 163ppi displays. With the iPhone 4 in 2010, Apple switched to the Retina display. It was still 3.5-inches, still 3:2 ratio, but the density doubled to 960x640 at 326ppi. That made the pixels essentially disappear.

With the iPhone 5, for the first time, Apple has changed not only the screen size, but the aspect ratio as well. They've made it taller but not wider, bigger but no less dense. Retina was all about the quality of what you see. 16:9 is about the quantity.

The reason for the screen size change was likely competitive, at least in part. Some percentage of the market was choosing a bigger screen instead of an iPhone. By switching to a bigger screen, Apple has increased their addressable market, and now people can choose an iPhone with a bigger screen. At the same time, Apple wants to maximize content and minimize distractions like bezels and casing. Given LTE 4G and the new, thinner design, Apple couldn't decrease the screen-to-casing ratio by staying with a 3.5-inch display. They can -- and did -- by switching to a larger, 4-inch one.

So why 4-inches and 16:9 and not any bigger or the least bit wider? Likely because Apple didn't want to reduce the pixel density of the Retina display, impede the one-handed ease of use of the interface, or sacrifice the pocket-ability of the iPhone.

Personally, I would have have liked to see Apple prototype a 4-inch, 3:2 ratio display. It would give up some pixel density, staying at 960x640 but reducing the ppi to 288, and it wouldn't have increased the amount of information that could be displayed, like the 1136x640 resolution does. It would, however, have made everything bigger, including text, and it would have maintained app compatibility.

For some, any change from the original 3.5-inch screen will be too much. For others, anything less than 4.5-inches or more is too little. Apple typically ignores the fringes and aims squarely at the mainstream middle. This year 4-inches at 16:9 was the first and biggest compromise Apple was willing to make, and the best one in their opinion.

In addition to making the iPhone 5 display taller, Apple has also made it thinner. To do this, they used in-cell technology. This allowed Apple to combine the touch sensor into the LCD display, turning what were previously 2 discreet layers into a single layer that's 0.5mm thinner. That might not sound like a lot, but when you consider the iPhone 5 is only 7.6mm to begin with, it's significant.

The iPhone 5 display is still an LED-backlit LCD, so it's still bright and beautiful. It's remains IPS (in-plane switching) so the viewing angle remains tremendous, but in-cell makes the iPhone 5 display even better. If the iPhone 4S and iPhone 4 looked like traditional cell animation, with images painted right below the glass, the iPhone 5 looks like those images are painted right into it. Once again, it looks so good it almost seems fake, like a sticker instead of a screen.

It also makes the iPhone 5 easier to use on a sunny day. Not exceptionally so, not even at a high brightness level, but better than previous generations. Add to that a 44% greater color gamut, and blacker blacks, and you have richer, truer images for everything from interfaces to avatars, photographs to videos. It's stunning, even when compared to the already stunning iPhone 4S display.

4-inches at 16:9 is a compromise, one that avoids turning the iPhone into a tiny tablet, or losing the density and the specific type of usability Apple values. The in-cell Retina display itself is not. As of right now, it might well be the best display in the business.

iPhone 5: Apple A6 performance

Apple says that the iPhone 5 is twice as fast as the iPhone 4S, which sound impressive enough. Apple doesn't typically talk in GHz or RAM when it comes to iOS devices. They prefer to bring experience to a spec fight. But specs drive the experience. They're the engine in the meticulously appointed car. They're stats behind the championship team. They're the science behind the art.

In this case, they're the Apple A6 system-on-a-chip (SoC), the first custom processor to grace the iOS platform. Previous versions of Apple's A-series, including the A4, A5, and A5X, all ran existing processor designs like the ARM Cortex A9. This year, instead of sticking with the Cortex A9 or moving on the new ARM A15, Apple zigged instead of zagged. They licensed the ARM v7s instruction set and rolled something uniquely their own -- a 32nm CMOS dual-core Apple CPU that can run from between 800MHz and 1.2GHz. Likewise, instead of going with the dual-core PowerVR SGX543MP2 graphics chip found in the iPhone 4S, or the giant quad-core PowerVR SGX543MP4 found in the iPad 3, Apple went with the triple-core PowerVR SGX543MP3 GPU. And they topped it all off with 1GB of RAM.

Storage isn't any bigger or any faster this year -- you have the same 16GB, 32GB, and 64GB options you had before -- but everything else about the iPhone 5 feels perceptively faster, and it's almost all because of the custom Apple A6. I didn't think Apple would go the custom CPU route for another year or two, but clearly they're investing heavily in chipset architecture and its paying off. Existing between the ARM Cortex A9 and A15, and between dual-core and quad-core PowerVR chips, freed Apple to find the best balance of performance vs. power consumption. What's more, Apple laid out the processor manually. Which is to say, by hand. That's almost unheard of these days, and shows just how seriously Apple is taking every bit and atom of the iPhone's design.

First, the numbers. While Geekbench and Sunspider are the perfunctory performance metrics, they're neither scientific measures nor real-world indicators. There's simply no way to account for the differences in architectures and "optimizations" across platforms. Likewise, HTML5test measures only iOS 6 Safari's compatibility with standards, and nothing iPhone 5-specific at al. Still, for what they're worth, here they are:

• Complete iPhone 5 vs iPhone 4S vs iPad 3 vs Android: Benchmark shootout

Real world performance is more important, however. How long it takes the iPhone 5 to boot, to launch and app or game, to render a website, and to resolve things like location and dictation are what really matter to real people.

In that regard, both the iPhone 4 and the iPad 3 bear the burden of being the first devices of their class to have to run Retina displays, and that drained performance away from the overall system. With that already "paid" for, the iPhone 4S flew, and the iPhone 5 flies even faster. It's so fast now, especially when combined with the new network connectivity (see below) that the mechanics really, truly disappear. Apple nailed the 1:1 multitouch tracking with the original iPhone, but some lag and stutter and delay has always lingered around the edges of the OS. Not any more, at least not that I encountered. With the iPhone 5, you're not waiting for pixels to push or on-device data to load or system processes to catch up. You're just doing. And you're doing it flawlessly enough that you don't even notice.

Apple sought to make the iPhone 5 twice as fast as the iPhone 4S and they've succeeded brilliantly. The Apple A6 is an absolute beast.

iPhone 5: LTE 4G and the radios

Apple has significantly upgraded wireless networking on the iPhone 5. While 802.11n Wi-Fi has been an option for a while now, the iPhone was previously restricted to more the crowded 2.4GHz frequency. Thanks to a Murata Wi-Fi module, which includes the Broadcom BCM4334 chip, the iPhone 5 can use 802.11n on both 2.4GHz and 5GHz. Bluetooth 4.0 has been carried over from the iPhone 4S, and while its low-power, instant pairing holds the same promise today that it did last year, we're still waiting for the accessory industry to catch up and make good on that promise.

What there isn't is NFC (Near-field Communications), which is used for commercial transactions, rapid checkins, and other, similar, touch-and-go data exchanges. Apple doesn't seem to believe NFC is the solution to any current mainstream problem, at least not yet. There are other technologies Apple can and is using for similar purposes, like the mobile checkout option on the Apple Store app, but it'll likely be a while before Apple thinks the market is ready for a full-out Apple NFC or NFC-like solution. It's chicken-and-the-egg, of course, but Apple has traditionally been conservative when it comes to radios. They waited until the second generation iPhone to add GPS and 3G, after all, and until now to add LTE 4G.

LTE 4G (Long Term Evolution) provides for a theoretical maximum of 100Mbps, which is faster than many home-based ISP connections. The iPad got LTE 4G support back in March, and performed incredibly well with it. The iPhone 5 adds newer, more advanced radio chipsets -- the Qualcomm MDM9615 and RTR8600. It also keeps the iPhone 4S dynamic antenna design, which reduces the likelihood of attenuation and allows for the best signal connection possible.

LTE 4G support is split over three models, two GSM and one CDMA, in order to meet the needs of different international carriers on different bands, and segments of those bands. According to Apple, current iPhone 5 LTE 4G supports:

• Model A1428: UMTS/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz); LTE (AWS, 700b MHz) for AT&T, Rogers/Fido, Bell/Virgin, and TELUS/Koodo
• Model A1429: CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B (800, 1900, 2100 MHz); UMTS/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz); LTE (2100, 1800, 850, 700c, 1900 MHz) for Verizon, Sprint, and KDDI
• Model A1429*: UMTS/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz); LTE (2100, 1800, 850 MHz) for Deutsche Telekom, EE, Optus/Virgin, Telstra, Softbank, SK Telecom, KT, SmarTone, M1, and SingTel.

LTE 4G is particularly important for Verizon and Sprint customers. While the iPhone 4S could reach a theoretical speed of 14.4Mbps on the HSPA networks used by AT&T and other GSM carriers, Verizon and Sprint iPhone 4S customers were stuck on EVDO rev A's meager 3.1Mbps. So, customers were forced to choose between fast (AT&T) and reliable (Verizon) or unlimited (Sprint). Verizon had the first and fastest LTE 4G roll out in the U.S., so not being able to take advantage of it, especially considering how slow EVDO is, was especially irksome. No longer. The iPhone 5 on Verizon is now a first class data speed citizen.

My tests of LTE 4G performance have been a little strange, however. Given current tower loads, I average 30Mbps on the iPad 3 on the Rogers network. I spike at 30Mbps with the iPhone 5, but average 15Mbps. Tethering my iPad or my Mac to my iPhone 5, however, averages 30Mbps, just as I would expect. I'm inclined to chalk this up to some aberration on my phone or my carrier, however. Our community iPhone 5 speed test results show a much more normal, much more expected pattern of LTE 4G results.

Technical details aside, the iPhone 5 on LTE 4G is fast. It's so fast you may forget you aren't on Wi-Fi. For that reason, just as with iPad 3 LTE 4G, you're well advised to keep an eye on bandwidth caps, especially if you're streaming a lot of video or doing a lot of tethering. (The iPad 3 is still a better choice for tethering given that it's battery is much, much bigger, and if you drain it, you aren't without your phone.)

There are compromises here as well, however. Because Apple is prioritizing battery life, they're doing everything on a single radio with a single process, and because no carrier yet supports VOLTE (Voice Over LTE), the iPhone can't handle simultaneous voice and LTE data connections the way phones that use dual radio connections can. That means, if you're using LTE data and a voice call comes in, you'll drop down to HSPA data on AT&T and other GSM networks. And -- you guessed it! -- because Verizon and Sprint don't offer HSPA/GSM data, unless you're on Wi-Fi, you'll drop completely off of data while you talk, just like EVDO rev. A on the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S.

The good news is, in addition to LTE 4G, the iPhone 5 supports speedy DC-HSPA (Dual Carrier HSPA) and HSPA+ data, with a theoretical maximum speed of 42Mbps. Also, unlike early LTE 4G phones, the iPhone 5 seems to handle the drop down to HSPA and return to LTE 4G with incredible speed and grace. It works well enough in my tests that I doubt most GSM users will even notice the change.

Because of LTE 4G, every iPhone now has a SIM card slot and tray, even on Verizon and Sprint. And just like the iPhone 4 switched from mini-SIM to micro-SIM, the iPhone 5 switches to nano-SIM. It's the same chip, just absent almost all the plastic surrounding it. You'll need one to use the iPhone 5, and most carriers are supplying them now. If you buy an unlocked iPhone 5 with the intention of traveling and using local SIM cards to save on roaming, you might have trouble finding them, especially on pre-paid/pay-as-you-go plans. At least for now. (Buying a mini- or micro-SIM and cutting it down is an option.)

• iPhone 5 pay-as-you-go options

In addition to telephone service, with iOS 6, Apple and the carriers have mostly gotten FaceTime enabled over 3G/4G. Mostly. Some carriers -- like AT&T -- are only allowing it on certain plans, which is a move composed of utter cattle refuse. Be that as it may, it's not a feature specific to the iPhone 5 but it is a feature made better by the iPhone 5's LTE 4G networking.

As far as I know, Apple still hasn't lived up to their promise to release the open-standards based FaceTime protocol as an open standard, so other platforms beyond iOS and OS X can implement it and make it truly, universally useful. If you are all in on Apple's ecosystem, however, it works incredibly well of LTE 4G. Again, well enough that you don't even realize you're not on Wi-Fi.

And when it comes to LTE 4G, that's exactly what you want.

iPhone 5: The iSight and FaceTime cameras

On paper, it doesn't seem like the iPhone 5's rear-facing iSight camera got much of a boost this year. It reads as the same 8 megapixels, backside illuminated, hybrid IR filtered, 5-element, f/2.4 aperture camera as last year's iPhone 4S. And, even though the iPhone 5 now has a 16:9 screen, still photos remain 4:3 at 3264x2448px. Likewise, the LED flash seems to look and work the same as last year.

Apple does list some improvements to the iPhone 5 iSight, however. There's a new, dynamic low-light mode that combines pixels together for what Apple claims is up to 2 f-stops better performance. Apple also claims the 5-element lens has been aligned with even greater precision for even greater sharpness. Also, the surface of the iSight is now made out of sapphire crystal to make it more scratch resistant.

The Apple A6 chipset lends a hand here as well, with a new image signal processor (ISP) that allows for spatial noise reduction by looking at surrounding pixels to better detect and remove noise, especially in low-light conditions, while at the same time preserving large areas of contiguous color. It also makes getting to the camera, both through the fast camera swipe on the Lock screen and the Camera app itself, much quicker, and increases the shutter speed to make taking a photo faster as well. Apple says 40% faster, but regardless of the exact number, it's a perceptible increase.

Most impressively, Apple has done all this in a camera that's 25% smaller than the one in iPhone 4S. Camera lenses dislike thinness, but humans like thinner phones. While some other manufacturers have resorted to adding crude bumps to allow large cameras on the backs of their otherwise thin phones, Apple's compromise here was to keep the same quality camera, enhance it slightly, but engineer it into the 18% thinner iPhone 5 body. That's a remarkable feat of engineering.

So, boiling it all down, photos are much faster to take on the iPhone 5. Standard photos look great, though about as great as you'd get on the iPhone 4S. They do seem much, much better on screen, however, but only because the iPhone 5's display is so much better. HDR (High Dynamic Range) photos show marked improvements, and so much so that if you're taking landscapes you'll want to turn it on and leave it on. Sadly, while low-light has also improved and noise has been reduced, it's not by much and blur will still occur if and when your subject moves. Happily, Apple seems to have fixed the problem with focus that plagued macro shots on the iPhone 4S. You can now get really close without worrying that your subject will elude capture.

If you're looking for the highest end glass you can hang off a phone, however, Apple's not on that particular bleeding edge. Nokia recently grafted a 41 megapixel lens on a Symbian camera just to show they could. Sure, it looks like it's face-hugging the body, but it shoots amazing pictures. Likewise, the upcoming Nokia Lumia 920 will use a much less pornographic version of the same PureView system, including an optical image stabilization system that actually floats the lens hardware, allowing the shutter to stay open longer and capture a better photo. Both Nokia and HTC are fielding f/2.0 lenses now as well. But the Nokia Lumia 920 is 10.7mm thick compared to the iPhone 5's 7.6 mm. That's the tradeoff for someone who values a light, thin phone that can also shoot really good photos.

While not unique to the iPhone 5, iOS 6 also has a new panoramic photography mode built-in. It uses the iSight in standard mode, so you don't get many of the benefits of the iPhone 5's specific iSight camera, but it still lets you make remarkably good looking panoramas at up to 240 degrees and 28 megapixels (~10800x2332px), with remarkably little effort.

The front-facing FaceTime camera is still meant more for videos than stills, but since it's been upgraded from 0.3 to 1.2 megapixels and given backlight illumination and face detection, if you need a new avatar or profile pic, you'll get a much better one with the iPhone 5 than you would have with any previous model. For anything else, you'll still want to use the iSight on the back.

• iPhone 5 camera tests
• iPhone 5 vs. iPhone 4S camera comparison

Video likewise remains 1080p and 30 FPS on the iPhone 5 iSight -- there likely won't be, nor will there need to be, a 4K camera on a mobile device any time soon. Unlike still photography, however, video recording benefits greatly from the 16:9 aspect ratio. Apple drops away the menu bar when in video mode, switching to a translucent interface that really lets you see the full frame

Previously, if you wanted to capture a photo while recording video, you had to press Home and the On/Off button at the same time to grab a screenshot, either while you were filming, or later, while you were playing it back. Now you simply tap the Camera button and a photo gets taken while video continues to record. And with excellent shutter speed too.

There is a compromise, however. Photos captured while recording video are only 1920x1080px resolution. That's significantly smaller than the still camera's 3264x2448px. For most situations, however, the convenience eclipses the pixel cost.

Like with stills, lowlight performance has been nominally improved for iPhone 5 video, though it varies from slightly to unnoticeably depending on the specifics of any scene. Either way, there'll still be grain. Video stabilization, however, has been more noticeably improved, though it can still shimmer at times when motion is minimal. Face detection for up to 10 faces, previously available on the iPhone 4S for still photography only, is now also available for video as well on the iPhone 5.

The front-facing camera has had a more significant update, with Apple finally bringing the same 720p FaceTime HD capability to iOS that they brought to the Mac over a year ago. It works great, especially compared to the profoundly lackluster VGA camera that preceded it, and is now more than good enough for a video call or a YouTube-style chat-at-the-world video.

• iPhone 5 video recording tests

iPhone 5: Audio and EarPods

Back when Apple introduced the iPhone 4, they added a second mic to the top. With the iPhone 5 they've added a third mic, nestled between the iSight camera and the LED flash on the top back. Along with the traditional mic at the bottom, all three are multifunctional, now in recognition of the multifunctional ways we now use our phones. Having all three spread out the way they are means that whether you're using your iPhone as a phone, as a speaker phone, for a FaceTime call, to record a video, or to use Siri or Dictation, there's a greater likelihood you'll be heard. It also means there's a greater chance one of the mics will be well-positioned for noise-cancellation. Having three mics also means Apple can do beamforming, allowing Siri and Dictation to better discern words from the noise around them.

Apple has also -- finally -- paid some attention to the main speaker at the bottom of the iPhone. With the iPhone 5, it now has a five magnet transducer, up from the two magnet transducer in previous models. Apple says that gives a better frequency response, even though the speaker itself is now 20% smaller. In our tests, the speaker did sound louder and slightly clearer, but not blow-your-hair-back better. While I certainly wouldn't want gimmicks, it would be nice for Apple to continue do everything they can to improve external speaker quality -- they are the company that brought us iTunes + iPod, after all. For everything from conferencing to hands-free to FaceTime calls, when you don't have a headset handy, the main speaker simply has to deliver.

The iPhone 5 earpiece speaker has gotten noise cancellation now as well, which aids in removing ambient sounds and makes conversation cleaner and clearer. Apple has also added support for wideband audio (HD Voice being a popular brand thereof), which uses a compression method that better fills out the frequency spectrum to make voices sound more natural, and pulls them out from surrounding audio to make them more distinct. (Would that Music.app could apply it to undo the effects of AutoTune...) However, wideband audio requires carrier support and compatibility, and not all carriers support it yet, and of those that do, not all are compatible with the iPhone. Apple did say they had 20 carriers ready with wideband audio at launch, including Deutsche Telekom and Orange, but that's few enough that it should still be considered more of a bonus at this point than a standard feature. In other words, it's a big mess, and we'll probably have several more generations of iPhone released before most of us see the benefit of it.

Anecdotally, however, calls I've made with the iPhone 5 do sound much better and sometimes much more human than any cellular phone I've used before.

For the vibration module, Apple has gone back to using the same rotational hardware they used in the original iPhone 4, as opposed to the smoother linear oscillating motor found in the Verizon iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S. That's technically a regression, but the rotational motor is much smaller, and Apple needed to save every millimeter of space they could inside the iPhone 5.

The 3.5 mm headset jack on the iPhone 5 has been moved to the bottom of the device, similar to where it's always been on the iPod touch. This isn't great news for people who liked to put their iPhone in a dock while listening to music or making calls using a headset, but it'll be welcomed by those who frequently pocket their iPhones while doing just that. Apple isn't even selling a dock for the iPhone 5, so their numbers probably tell them the latter group is more common than the former.

Included in the box with the iPhone 5 is a pair of Apple's brand new EarPods. (They're also available separately for $29.) 3 years in development, they're Apple's attempt to improve upon the ubiquitous but not well loved little white earbuds that previously shipped with iOS devices. The EarPods come in a proper package, similar to the one Apple's offered with their higher-end in-ear headsets for years, which is a great way to prevent tangles or damage in pockets, purses, and bags.

The shape of the EarPods is a significant divergence from the original earbuds. Instead of being uniformly round, the EarPods are asymmetrically shaped and, according to Apple, ergonomically designed to better fit a wider range of ears. No one product could ever truly fit every shape and size of ear, however. The original earbuds wouldn't stay in my ears for more than a few moments, and I've even found high end in-ear headsets challenging to keep in. The EarPods are much better than the earbuds ever were in that regard, though still not perfect, at least not for me.

Sound is noticeably improved with the EarPods, however, especially clarity and bass. A large part of that is due to their new, multi-port design. The main EarPod speaker directs sound into your ear. The port on the back is tuned to mid-range frequencies and is intended to improve consistency of experience. Ports in the stem are meant to improve bass. Air channels reduce pressure on the speaker so it can concentrate on providing greater low-frequency sound.

The remote and mic functions the same with the EarPods as it did with previous iPhone earbuds, allowing you to control both music and phone calls. The in-line remote is larger now, though, making it much easier to fumble for and use in real-world situations.

The new Apple EarPods won't replace your $100+ in-ears or cans, much less your high-end custom jobs, but they're a fantastic replacement for the generally poor earbuds that came before.

iPhone 5: The Lightning connector

After almost 10 years and who knows how many cables, Apple has officially retired the fat, thick, unidirectional, 30-pin Dock connector and introduced a new, small, thin, ambi-copular interconnect for the next decade. Branded Lightning, it's 80% smaller and offers 8-signals that are all digital.

Apple couldn't use their new desktop connector, ThunderBolt, because iOS devices don't have the required PCI architecture to support it. That means, yes, Lightning is not as fast as ThunderBolt. It also means that, while Lightning is all new on one side, it's still stuck on chunky, unidirectional USB 2 on the other. (It's possible Lightning may support USB 3, though the read/write speeds of current NAND Flash memory will at some point become a bottleneck.)

With the advent of technologies like AirPlay, which wirelessly streams video and audio, Wi-Fi Sync which wirelessly exchanges data with iTunes, AirPrint, which wirelessly sends jobs to printers, Bluetooth 4.0 which will -- eventually -- enable a new generation of wireless accessories, and iCloud which cut the cord to the PC, why not just eliminate the Dock connector entirely?

Because wired connectors still remain useful for more quickly moving large files around and, critically, for charging. Unlike Palm, Samsung, and Nokia, Apple doesn't yet see wireless charging as viable mainstream feature, and even if they did, it would be years before it could replace wired charging completely. So, the cable has to stick around and, instead of eliminating it, Apple's making it smarter.

Because it's digital, Lightning can be adaptive and provide the right signal for the accessory you're plugging in. (The old 30-pin Dock wasn't, and so needed those 30-pins for everything from USB to HDMI to serial to line-in to component and composite video to... you get the idea.)

For legacy accessories, Apple is currently offering 30-pin Dock to Lightning adapters, both with and without a short extension cord. To comply with European Union regulations, Apple is also offering a micro-USB to Lightning adapter. These don't support video-out, unfortunately, though Apple has said HDMI and VGA adapters will be available at some point.

Analog video and serial breakouts for older TVs and scientific instruments probably aren't on the agenda, though, and while it's possible they may appear in some form in the future, changes to Apple's licensing that coincides with Lightning might make it more difficult for small suppliers to manufacture niche cables and accessories, "encouraging" the move to modern video standards and Bluetooth 4.0 for connectivity.

I only ever plug my iPhone in to charge any more, and Lightning really makes no difference for that, at least not yet. It requires new cables or adapters that cost money, however, which is annoying. Inarguably, Lightning is better and more modern than 30-pin as an interconnect, but there's no compelling new accessories to "sell" that yet.

That might make it sound like all Lightning gives us is pain and turbulence right now, but there is one killer new feature that Lightning did immediately enable -- a thinner iPhone.

iPhone 5: The battery life

The iPhone 5 has a lithium-ion battery that can be charged via the included Lightning cable connected to a powered USB port or an AC adapter. The iPhone 5's battery is 1440 mAh, which is up 10 mAh from last year's iPhone 4S. Talk time on 3G is rated the same 8 hours as the iPhone 4S, though standby time has increased by 25 hours and now reaches 225 hours. (There's no voice over LTE yet, so no LTE talk time.) Internet use time is also up, increasing 2 hours on 3G and 1 hour on Wi-Fi to 8 and 10 hours respectively. The iPhone 5 is also rated for 8 hours on LTE. Audio and video playback remain 10 and 40 hours respectively.

In our tests, Apple's numbers have proven roughly accurate. Leaving an iPhone 5 for extended periods of time, for example overnight, has resulted in minimal battery drain, and with moderate use the iPhone 5 has easily lasted a day. With heavy use, like a day on the road or at a conference, you'll need to re-charge, perhaps more than once.

Carriers and signal quality have traditionally also played a huge part in iPhone battery life. With previous iPhones, when I've left Rogers and roamed on AT&T, my battery life has taken a huge hit (I could literally watch it drain as the radio screamed, trying to get a signal.) We've seen similar results with a Rogers iPhone 5 roaming on AT&T -- significantly lower battery life. This review covers the iPhone 5 on a good carrier with a strong, consistent signal. Anything less and battery life will suffer.

Because of all the push, location, and iCloud services in iOS, and the speed of LTE data, you can hit the iPhone 5 really hard if you try. If you restored from a previous iPhone, you could also have problems at the system level that reduces battery life. If you set up as a new iPhone and are still having issues, check with Apple. On an iPhone 5 that was set up as new, and running a decent amount of push, location, iCloud, and other services, my battery life has been excellent.

Otherwise, until battery packs and battery cases are updated for Lightning and the new design, you'll need adapters and maybe some McGyver skills.

• How to troubleshoot battery life issues with iOS 6 or iPhone 5

iPhone 5: The Experience

The iPhone 5 ships with iOS 6, which boats over 200 new, customer-facing features including an all new Maps app, new Siri functionality, deep Facebook integration, shared Photo Streams, Passbook, new capabilities for Phone, Mail, and Safari, FaceTime over cellular, enhanced Accessibility, and improved support for China.

Unlike previous years, where video recording, FaceTime, and Siri were all exclusive to the new hardware, almost none of the new features in iOS 6 are exclusive to the iPhone 5. Make of that what you will.

For a complete look at iOS 6, including all of the features mentioned above, see our definitive guide:

• iOS 6 review

iPhone 5: The Interface

The major difference for iOS 6 on the iPhone 5 is the change in aspect ration from 2:3 to 16:9, and in pixel count from 960x640 to 1136x640. That means everyone from Apple to App Store developers have an extra 176x640 pixels to play with.

For Apple, 16:9 allows for an extra row of icons on the Home screen and in folders, an extra list item in Mail or in Music, and a bigger display area in Maps and FaceTime. Since, unlike the iPad, the iPhone is based on a single-column interface, the lack of additional width is seldom if ever an issue in portrait mode. Curiously, Apple isn't vertically centering album art on the Lock screen with the iPhone. Hopefully that's a bug scheduled for imminent squash-age.

In landscape mode, 16:9 allows for most HD video content to fill the screen with nary a letterbox in sight, and Camera's translucent video recording interface makes excellent use of the aspect ratio (see screen shots in the display and camera sections, above). Calendar can now show 5 full days in week view rather than just 3.3 and Apple has enhanced Safari with a full-screen mode which, like the new, icon-based Share Sheets minimize the perceptive loss of vertical height and, frankly, the ridiculously long horizontal interface elements. (Except for the landscape keyboard, that's wider and thicker, but not much better.)

What Apple hasn't done, however, is take any advantage of the bigger screen on the system level. Banners still overlap and obscure menu bar buttons instead of elegantly pushing them down, and notifications still don't present any actionable interface for quickly replying to a text or adjusting an alarm. And there's no bonus number row on the portrait keyboard. Apple has used those extra 176x640 pixels merely to add more content, not add more functionality.

Hopefully it's early days still, and future versions of iOS will do something more interesting with the space.

For third party App Store apps, developers have to add support for the 16:9 display and signal it by including a special PNG file in their build. Many developers have already updated their apps. Most of these are list-based (UITableView) or grid-based (UICollectView) or use new, flexible methods (AutoLayout) that allow for relative positioning regardless of screen size. That's important, because they still have to support 3:2 on older devices still on the market and still being sold. Likewise, games that use OpenGL can go 16:9 but could still have interface elements that require work to get right.

Apps or games with a ton of custom graphics will have to be redone, and redone in a way that lets them properly fill the screen, regardless of which screen they have to fill. That'll take time. Until then, Apple will letter-box them (or pillar-box them in landscape mode), centering them on the screen and filling the empty space with black. On the new black and slate iPhone, it's almost invisible. On the white and silver, it's more visible.

A bigger problem is system overlays. On letter-boxed apps, the status bar and the keyboard still render relative to the app, not the the phone. So the status bar is lower than you'd expect at a glance, and the keyboard, higher. It's awkward and takes some getting used to. It might have looked funny if Apple bound them to the absolute top and bottom of the screen, but it might also have worked better. Also

Unlike Apple, some App Store apps are offering different interfaces on 16:9 displays. Given the fat status of binaries already, what with universal apps that support iPhone and iPod touch interfaces and separate iPad interfaces, in standard and Retina (@2x) densities, one of the last things download sizes need is another interface to cram in there. Other apps are simply revealing extra content areas -- opening on 16:9 what is closed on 3:2, or adding something in wide screen that's not there in standard.

No doubt we'll be seeing a lot more from developers and designers when they've had a chance to really work on the new hardware.

• Best apps to show off your iPhone 5
• Best games to show off your iPhone 5

iPhone 5: Apple Retail and iCloud

This might seems like a strange combination for a review section, but if you've ever had a problem with your iPhone, it'll make perfect sense. When you buy an iPhone 5 at Apple Retail, they'll help you choose it, set it up, and teach you how to use it. And if you have a problem with it, they'll often go out of their way to fix it for you.

Contrast this with non-Apple devices, where your problems are left to the mercy of big box or carrier customer service reps who, even if they're inclined to help you, typically need to mail your device away, a process that can take days or more. And when you get the replacement, while some information can be resynchronized over-the-air or via cable, it's often not an easy or complete process.

On launch day, my original iPhone 5 had a chip in the bezel. I returned to the Apple Store, was greeted, explained the problem, and immediately received a replacement iPhone. Then I entered my iCloud ID, and walked out with everything setting, app, piece of content, and bit of data exactly the same as I'd walked in with. A brand new phone, but exactly my phone.

No matter how you want to parse it, that's a feature of a phone, one Apple gets right, and one few if any competitors can or will match.

iPhone 5: App and accessory compatibility

The iPhone 5 is compatible with all of the hundreds of thousands of iPhone apps in the App Store, though not all of them have yet been updated to support the new 16:9 display (see Interface, above).

• iPhone 5 apps and games

The iPhone is not compatible with most previous iPhone 5 cases due to differences in physical dimensions (see Design, above). Some large pouch or bag cases might fit. Most won't.

The iPhone 5 may be compatible with some accessories built for a 30-pin Dock connector, including cradles and stereos, provided the current 30-pin to Lightning connector adapters provide the right signals and can be properly attached. Anything that uses composite or component video out is not currently compatible, though Apple says HDMI and VGA adapters are in the works. (See Lightning connector, above.)

Headsets are compatible, and Bluetooth accessories should be compatible, though we've gotten reports of bugs with some car systems which may require a software updates from the vendor or Apple to rectify.

• iPhone 5 accessories at the iMore store
• iPhone 5 accessories at Amazon.com

iPhone 5: Pricing and availability

iPhone 5 pricing remains the same this year as last:

• $199/16GB, $299/32GB, $399/64GB on contract
• $649/16GB, $749/32GB, $849/64GB off contract

In what might well be Apple's most ambitious iPhone roll-out to date, they promised availability in 100 countries and on 240 carriers.

• Available now: U.S., Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, and the U.K.

• Available on September 28: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.

iPhone 5: Buyers guide

If you don't happen to like iOS or the iPhone at all, there's nothing in the iPhone 5 to change your mind. Get something else. There are several good options already, and maybe more to come.

If you've previously been interested in iOS and the iPhone, but the lack of a bigger screen or LTE made you hold off, then go check it out. Chances are you'll like, if not love what you see. It's still the default phone I recommend, and the one that will appeal most to most users.

If you currently have an iPhone 4 or earlier, the iPhone 5 is an excellent upgrade. It's everything you love about your current iPhone, only better. Much better.

If you currently have an iPhone 4S, unless you really want the bigger screen and the LTE networking, there's little reason to upgrade. The iPhone 4S is still a great device, and iOS 6 does pretty much everything on it that it does on iPhone 5.

• Complete iPhone 5 buyers guide

iPhone 5: The competitive landscape

Apple may have revolutionized the smartphone in 2007 but they're not the only ones bringing their A-game in 2012. There are now a wide range of highly competitive devices available in most markets, with different form factors, feature sets, and focuses, each of which will appeal to a different type of smartphone users.

• iPhone 5 vs Samsung Galaxy S3

iPhone 5: The bottom line

The danger of being overly focused is that you lose sight of the periphery. The key is to be fixed but not fixated. It can be a razor-fine line, and one Apple often seems to cascade down with reckless abandon. Some say Apple is trapped by designs and ideas of the past, obsessed with aesthetics and compromised by self-interest, at war with one-time partners, and oblivious to user pain and competitive pressures. Others, that Apple is better than any other company in the world at determining what exactly the market wants, at pushing the boundaries of manufacturing and technology to make the future manifest now, at taking calculated risks that pay off over years rather than months, and at following precisely-timed revolution with indefatigable evolution, even if it costs them parters, and sometimes customers, over the short term.

Elements of both are likely true. One day Apple will come to the end of this iPhone line and they'll have to re-imagine or replace the iPhone the way they have the iPod. But it won't be this day or this iPhone.

Taller, thinner, faster, lighter, brighter; the iPhone 5 represents nothing more nor less than the latest, relentless iteration on the Platonic ideal Apple has been striving towards for almost a decade. Redesigned in every way but shape, compromised but true to its purpose, the iPhone 5 is once again the best iPhone Apple has ever made, and one of the best phones ever made. Period.

Leanna Lofte, Ally Kazmucha, Georgia, and Anthony contributed photography, videography, research, testing, and large amounts of time and effort to this review

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